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TIME: Almanac 1990
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1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
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1990-10-09
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Exorcising Old Ghosts
February 21, 1983
Klaus Barbie, the "Butcher of Lyon," brings back the past
Few Nazi war criminals have been so hated in France as Klaus Barbie,
the infamous "Butcher of Lyon." While serving as head of the Gestapo
in Lyon from 1942 to 1944, Barbie ordered the execution of more than
4,000 people and the deportation of 7,000 French Jews to concentration
camps. His hands were also stained with the blood of Jean Moulin,
France's most revered Resistance leader, who is believed to have died
under torture in 1943. Twice Barbie was tried in absentia for his
crimes and sentenced to death by French tribunals. But for more than
three decades the Nazi managed to escape punishment and, indeed,
prospered in Bolivia under the alias Klaus Altmann.
Last week Barbie, 69, was back in Lyon, locked away in Montluc, the
prison where he tortured and jailed thousands. The full details of
his heinous past and his flight from justice have yet to be told, but
when he is brought to trial a third time, a Pandora's box of
incriminating evidence against a number of French collaborators may be
opened. The trial could even provide embarrassing details of a U.S.
scheme to enlist the former Gestapo officer as an intelligence source
after World War II.
Word of Barbie's expulsion from Bolivia stunned France. Barbie: The
Ghosts Return, read the headline of Le Quotidien de Paris. An equally
macabre banner was printed by Le Fibaro: The Devils Exhumed. Even
before Barbie's arrival in Lyon, relatives of some of his victims
began to gather in front of the heavy green wooden doors of Montluc in
silent vigil. "I just want to get a look at his face," said a woman
who survived Dachau. In the end, there was nothing to see. Closely
guarded by French security agents, the prisoner flashed past in a blue
armored police van.
France had previously demanded the return of Barbie, but Bolivian
military leaders with close ties to the ex-Nazi businessman had
refused. When leftist civilians took office in Bolivia last October,
President Francois Mitterrand's government decided to try again. This
time the Bolivians agreed to cooperate. In an apparent effort to pave
the way for Barbie's expulsion, Bolivian police picked him u p on Jan.
25 and charged him with fraud in connection with a $10,000 loan from
the state.j Barbie immediately repaid the debt, pus interest, but it
did him little good. Instead of releasing him, Bolivian officials put
him on a plane bound for Cayenne, the capital of French Guiana. When
told he had been handed over to French authorities, the Butcher of
Lyon made a gesture, as if slitting his throat.
The French government did everything it could to ensure that Barbie
was hustled out of Latin America without incident. The Clysee
dispatched a presidential DC-8 jet to Cayenne to fly him back to
France. West Germany had also sought Barbie's extradition, but the
Bonn government decided to let the French have him. Cynics were quick
to point out that the Mitterrand government's dogged effort to bring
the Nazi to trial could only win votes for the Socialists in the French
municipal elections set for next month.
Barbie's arrest was particularly gratifying to Serge and Beate
Klarsfeld, a French lawyer and his German-born wife who have
specialized in tracking down Nazi criminals. When a Munich court
tried to close the Barbie case in 1971, Beate Klarsfeld launched an
international protest campaign that eventually turned up information
on the missing SS man's whereabouts in Latin America. Largely on the
basis of new evidence from the Klarsfelds, Lyon Magistrate Christian
Riss decided to reopen the Barbie dossier in February 1982. This was
necessary because his 1947 and 1954 convictions had lapsed as a result
of France's 20-year statute of limitations on war crimes. Last
November, Riss officially indicted the onetime Gestapo captain for
"crimes against humanity," giving the Mitterrand government legal
ground for going after Barbie.
During their investigation, the Klarsfelds also concluded that Barbie
might have had links to U.S. Intelligence in the years after the war.
Because the Americans were using the Gestapo man to glean information
on operations in Soviet-controlled areas, they allegedly refused to
turn him over to French security. Erhard Dabringhaus, a language
professor at Detroit's Wayne State University, worked for Army
counterintelligence in 1948, and claims that he was ordered to find
Barbie a safe house in Germany and pay him $1,700 a month, a sum that
went a long way in postwar Europe, for his intelligence reports. When
Dabringhaus found out about Barbie's checkered past, he informed his
superiors. Says he: "They told me to forget it for now. When he was
no longer useful, they would deal with him." They never did. In 1951
Barbie turned up in Genoa, Italy, before escaping to Bolivia with
documents issued by the International Committee of the Red Cross.
More details are bound to come to light when the trial begins next
year. Because of the statute of limitations much of the evidence
presented previously will be inadmissible this time in court. But
prosecutors have compiled a full dossier for his new trial. He will
probably be charged with rounding up and shooting railway employees in
Oullins, outside of Lyon, and organizing a police raid in which 86
Jews were arrested. The most poignant case against him centers on the
deportation of 41 Jewish orphans, aged 3 to 13, from the village of
Izieux to the Auschwitz death camp. If convicted, however, Barbie
will escape the guillotine, since France abolished the death penalty
in 1981.
The Barbie trial could prove a long and lacerating experience for a
nation that has still not fully come to terms with its wartime past,
especially if Barbie should begin to give the names of Frenchmen who
collaborated with him. Says Lyon Newspaper Editor Bernard Villeneuve:
"For France, this affair will be an exorcism. This has marked our
political life for 40 years. While I do not want to deny the past, I
do think that my generation is tired. They would like to put it
behind them once and for all." It might not prove so easy. The
Butcher of Lyon can no longer imprison and torture, but he still has
the means to make France suffer.
--By John Kohan. Reported by William Blaylock/Paris and Tala
Skari/Lyon